Research article | Open Access
Innovational Research in ELT 2025, Vol. 6(1) 18-29
pp. 18 - 29
Publish Date: June 27, 2025 | Single/Total View: 0/0 | Single/Total Download: 0/0
Abstract
This qualitative case study examines the inner speech experiences of pre-service EFL (English as a foreign language) teachers during their courses in L2 (second/foreign language) and teaching practicum. Inner speech diaries maintained by twelve Turkish pre-service teachers of English over a four-week period captured the participants’ private reflections on various aspects of their learning and teaching processes, including task management, emotional regulation, and professional observations. The findings revealed six prominent themes during the coursework phase: task-related concerns, irrelevant thoughts, well-being, classroom dynamics, emotional responses, and perceptions of teacher quality. Similarly, six themes emerged during the teaching practicum: irrelevant thoughts, student characteristics, mentoring quality, teaching skills, well-being, and future aspirations. Notably, some themes, such as well-being and irrelevant thoughts, were consistent across both contexts, reflecting shared challenges like anxiety, distraction, and emotional fatigue. Themes specific to the practicum highlighted the participants' growing awareness of classroom dynamics and professional responsibilities. This research contributes to the limited body of literature on inner speech in second language acquisition by emphasizing its dual role as both a cognitive aid and a mirror to the learner’s emotional and situational contexts.
Keywords: inner speech; learner psychology; second language acquisition; sociocultural theory
APA 7th edition
Kader, S., & Simsek, E. (2025). Inner Speech Experiences of Pre-service EFL Teachers During Courses and Teaching Practicum. Innovational Research in ELT, 6(1), 18-29.
Harvard
Kader, S. and Simsek, E. (2025). Inner Speech Experiences of Pre-service EFL Teachers During Courses and Teaching Practicum. Innovational Research in ELT, 6(1), pp. 18-29.
Chicago 16th edition
Kader, Seher and Erdi Simsek (2025). "Inner Speech Experiences of Pre-service EFL Teachers During Courses and Teaching Practicum". Innovational Research in ELT 6 (1):18-29.
Abadikhah, S., & Khorshidi, A. (2013). An investigation of the private speech phenomenon in the collaborative interaction of Iranian adult EFL learners. 3L, Language, Linguistics, Literature, 19(3).
Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015). Inner speech: Development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 931.
Aydın, Ö., & Ok, A. (2020). Mentoring practices in English language teaching practicum: Student teachers’ perspectives on cooperating teachers’ roles in the Turkish context. The Teacher Educator, 55(3), 248-266.
Breakwell, G. M. (2012). Diary and narrative methods. In G. M. Breakwell, J. A. Smith & D. B. Wright (Eds.), Research methods in psychology (4th ed.) (pp.391-410). London: Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
Dahlen, K., & Caldwell–Harris, C. (2013). Rehearsal and aptitude in foreign vocabulary learning. The Modern Language Journal, 97(4), 902-916.
de Guerrero, M. C. M. (2004). Early stages of L2 inner speech development: what verbal reports suggest. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 90-112.
de Guerrero, M. C. M. (2012). Inner speech in second language acquisition. In C. Chapelle (Ed.), The encyclopedia of applied linguistics
Dewaele, J. M., & Alfawzan, M. (2018). Does the effect of enjoyment outweigh that of anxiety in foreign language performance? Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(1), 21–45. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.1.2
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford University Press.
Dörnyei, Z., & Ryan, S. (2015). The psychology of the language learner revisited. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315779553
Fernyhough, C. (2011). Even ‘internalist’ minds are social. Style, 45(2), 272-275.
Filik, R., & Barber, E. (2011). Inner speech during silent reading reflects the reader's regional accent. PloS one, 6(10), e25782.
Fossa, P. (Ed.). (2022). New perspectives on inner speech. Cham: Springer.
Gilead, Y. (2019). The role and place of inner and private speech in second/foreign language development: Modern Hebrew students' perspectives. Australian Journal of Jewish Studies, 32, 105-124.
Jiménez Jiménez, A. F. (2015). Private Speech During Problem-Solving Activities in Bilingual Speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism, 19(3), 259-281.
Krznaric, R. (2014). Empathy: A Handbook for Revolution. Croydon: Rider.
Lunenberg, M., Korthagen, F., & Swennen, A. (2007). The teacher educator as a role model. Teaching and teacher education, 23(5), 586-601.
MacIntyre, P. D. (2017). An overview of language anxiety research and trends in its development. In C. Gknonou, M. Daubney & J. -M. Dewaele (Eds.), New insights into language anxiety: Theory, research and educational implications (pp. 11-30). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Maftoon, P., & Bahrami, A. (2002). Inner Speech as Mental Rehearsal: The Case of EFL Learners. Literary Text Research, 5(16), 36-56.
Mairitsch, A., Babic, S., Mercer, S., Sulis, G., Jin, J., & King, J. (2021). Being a student, becoming a teacher: The wellbeing of pre-service language teachers in Austria and the UK. Teaching and Teacher Education, 106, 103452.
McCarthy, P., & McCarthy, P. C. M. R. (2001). McCarthy's bar: A journey of discovery in Ireland. Macmillan.
Mercer, S. (2016). Seeing the World Through Your Eyes: Empathy in Language Learning and Teaching. In P. MacIntyre, T. Gregersen & S. Mercer (Ed.), Positive Psychology in SLA (pp. 91-111). Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783095360-00
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage Publication.
Numrich, C. (1996). On becoming a language teacher: Insights from diary studies. TESOL Quarterly, 30(1), 131–153
Oxford, R., & Crookall, D. (1989). Research on language learning strategies: Methods, findings, and instructional issues. Modern Language Journal, 73(4), 404–419.
Richards, J. C. (2022). Exploring Emotions in Language Teaching. RELC Journal, 53(1), 225-239. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688220927531
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
Schutz, P. A., & Pekrun, R. (2007). Emotion in education: The role of affective states in learning and achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 19(3), 345–373
Seli, P., Wammes, J. D., Risko, E. F., & Smilek, D. (2016). On the relation between motivation and retention in educational contexts: The role of intentional and unintentional mind wandering. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23, 1280-1287.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language (A. Kozulin, Trans.). Cambridge: MA MIT Press
Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (12. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık